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Presentation on the topic: Winter Olympic Games

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LESSON - PRESENTATION "Winter Olympic Games" Developed by: Irina Valentinovna Yakovleva, physical education teacher, MAOU Secondary School No. 8, Staraya Russa

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The tradition, which existed in ancient Greece, was revived at the end of the 19th century by the French public figure Pierre de Coubertin. The Olympic Games, also known as the Summer Olympics, have been held every four years since 1896, with the exception of years following the World Wars. In 1924, the Winter Olympic Games were established and were originally held in the same year as the Summer Olympics. However, since 1994, the timing of the Winter Olympic Games has been shifted by two years relative to the timing of the Summer Games.

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Olympic symbols are all the attributes of the Olympic Games used by the International Olympic Committee to promote the idea of ​​the Olympic Movement throughout the world. Olympic symbols include rings, anthem, oath, slogan, medals, fire, olive branch, fireworks, mascots, flag, emblem. Any use of Olympic symbols for commercial purposes is prohibited by the Olympic Charter

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The symbol of the Olympic movement consists of 5 intertwined rings on a white background: blue, yellow, black, green and red. According to Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the rings symbolize the five continents whose countries participate in the Olympic movement. The emblem was invented by de Coubertin in 1913 and presented at the VII Summer Olympic Games in Antwerp in 1920

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The first Winter Olympics took place in Chamonix, France, from January 25 to February 4, 1924. 258 athletes from 16 countries took part in it. The program included skiing competitions (races and ski jumping, as well as biathlon), speed skating, bobsleigh, figure skating and ice hockey. Women (13 people) competed only in figure skating: singles and pairs. The first winner of the first ever OWG was American speed skater Charlie Jewtrow, who won the 500 m race, although all the other 14 medals on the ice track were won by Norwegians and Finns. Klas Thunberg (Finland) won three gold medals: one of them was in the absolute championship, awarded based on the sum of the results shown at four different distances. Another hero of the Olympics is the Norwegian skier Thorleif Haug, who won two racing distances and the Nordic combined event. His teammates supported him: all 4 sets of medals went to the Norwegian team (with the exception of one bronze medal). Figure skater G. Grafström repeated his success of four years ago (at the Summer Olympics), once again becoming the best in the men's singles competition. At the hockey tournament, Canada, represented by the Toronto Granites, was out of competition: in 6 matches, the founders of hockey scored 110 goals to their opponents, conceding only 3 in return. In general, the Scandinavians dominated the first Winter Olympic Games (with the exception of figure skating)

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Almost twice as many athletes participated in the Winter Olympics, held in 1928 in St. Moritz (Switzerland), than in the previous Games. Among the debuting countries were Germany, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Estonia and such “non-winter” powers as Argentina and Mexico. Second Winter Olympic Games (1928). Skeleton was included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games for the first time: brothers Jenison and John Heaton (USA) took first and second places. Once again, one of the main heroes of the Games was speed skater K. Thunberg, who added 2 more gold medals to his collection of Olympic awards. Norwegian skier Johan Gröttumsbroten also won two golds (in the 18 km race and in Nordic combined). G. Grafström became the strongest in the male figure skater competition for the third time in a row. Her first (of three) gold medal was won by Norway's Sonja Henie, who was not yet 16 years old at the time of her triumph (she remained the youngest ever champion of the Winter Olympic Games in individual events for 70 years, until Tara Lipinski surpassed this achievement in 1998 ). Once again, the Canadian hockey team was beyond competition, winning three victories in the final part of the competition with a total score of 38:0. A sudden thaw prevented the completion of the speed skating competition at a distance of 10,000 m, and the championship in this type of program remained uncontested. But the skiers still completed the 50-kilometer race: out of more than 40 participants, Swede Per-Erik Hedlund was the best at adapting to the heavy skiing, finishing more than 13 minutes ahead of his closest pursuer. (Experts, however, noted that the more technical Norwegians lost to their neighbors solely because of the thaw, and as a result, the Swedes took all the prizes.) The overall advantage of the Scandinavian athletes was again overwhelming. They won 9 of the 13 gold medals. And the Norwegian team again became the strongest, winning 5 medals of various types and scoring 93 points.

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For the first time, the Winter Olympic Games were held outside of Europe - in Lake Placid, America. Traveling across the ocean during the Great Depression was beyond the means of most European athletes. Therefore, the total number of participants turned out to be even less than at the first OWG. More than half of them (150) represented the USA and neighboring Canada, and traditionally strong countries in winter sports sent small delegations to Lake Placid (for example, only 7 athletes competed from Finland). Third Winter Olympic Games (1932). This largely explains the overall success of the hosts of the Games, who received 6 gold, 4 silver and 2 bronze awards and took first place in the unofficial team competition (85 points). In addition, at the insistence of the organizers, speed skating races were held according to the rules adopted in the USA, i.e. with a general start. As a result, all 4 gold medals were won by the Americans - Jack Shea and Irving Jaffee each won two medals. US athletes also excelled in two bobsleigh disciplines: Billy Fiske defended his title (it is noteworthy that one of the members of his “golden” crew, Eddie Egan, became a boxing champion at the 1920 Olympic Games; he is the only athlete in history to win both the summer and at the Winter Olympics). In figure skating, S. Henie, who received the highest rating from all seven judges, and the French sports couple (who became a married couple since the previous Games) Andre Joly-Brunet and Pierre Brunet, repeated their Olympic success. But G. Grafström was unable to win the fourth gold, losing to the Austrian Karl Schäfer. The Europeans also excelled in all 4 ski disciplines, with the winner of the previous Winter Olympics, J. Gröttumsbroten, winning the next top award.

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Despite protests from the sports community against holding the next Summer and Winter Olympic Games in Nazi Germany, the IOC did not reverse its decision. However, many famous athletes (including Olympic champions: John Shea, the Brunet spouses, etc.) refused to participate in these Games. Fourth Winter Olympic Games (1936). The 1936 Winter Olympics were held in two Bavarian resort towns, Garmisch and Partenkirchen. For the first time, the program of the Games included alpine skiing competitions (among men and women), as well as the men's ski relay. The debut of the biathletes was not without scandal. Ski instructors were banned from competing at the Olympics on the grounds that they could not be considered amateur athletes. Swiss and Austrian skiers boycotted the Olympics in protest. Karl Schaeffer once again excelled in the singles figure skater competition. "Ice Fairy" Sonja Henie won her third gold medal (and moved on to professional ice ballet at the end of the Games). Her compatriot, speed skater Ivar Ballangrud, who had already won the 1928 Winter Olympics and was second in one of the disciplines at the previous Games, this time distinguished himself in all four distances, winning 3 gold and 1 silver medal and setting 3 Olympic records. Another Norwegian, Birger Ruud, decided to combine performances in alpine skiing and ski jumping. After the downhill he was in the lead, but overall he ended up only fourth among the skiers. A week later, he made up for the loss with the springboard championship. The hockey tournament ended sensationally, where the Canadians, in a bitter struggle, lost to Great Britain 1:2 in the match for first place (although 10 of the 12 players of the British team were Canadians by origin, and some of them lived permanently in Canada). This was the first gold medal for the British at the Winter Olympics. At these Winter Olympics, Norway regained the team lead with 15 medals (7 + 5 + 3) and 100 points.

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The first post-war Winter Olympic Games were hosted by St. Moritz, Switzerland, which had already been the capital of the Winter Olympics 20 years earlier. The choice of the IOC was dictated by the fact that the destructive war bypassed Switzerland, which supported neutrality. Another legacy of the past wartime is the non-participation of athletes from Germany and Japan in the Games as the countries that started the Second World War. In total, almost 700 athletes from 28 countries took part in the Olympics. Fifth Winter Olympic Games (1948). Two more alpine skiing disciplines were included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games - downhill and slalom (among men and women), which allowed the Frenchman Henri Oreille to win two golds (in the downhill and in the combined event) and a bronze (slalom). Swedish skier Martin Lundström won two gold medals - in the 18 km race and in the relay. The return of skeleton to the Games program - after a 20-year break - was marked by the peculiar achievement of the American John Heaton: he, as in 1928, became a silver medalist (skeleton after the 1948 2018 Olympic Games again disappeared from the official Olympic program - until 2002). In single figure skating, this time the strongest athletes were from North America: American Richard Button, who amazed the judges and spectators with his acrobatic skating, and Canadian Barbara-Ann Scott, who immediately turned professional after the Olympics. There were some surprises in Nordic combined. At all previous Games, medals in this type of program went exclusively to Norwegians. At the 1948 OWG, the best of the Norwegian participants was only sixth, and the Finn Heikki Hasu received the gold. Canadian hockey players won another Olympic title thanks to only a better (compared to the Czechoslovakian national team) difference in goals scored and goals conceded. The recently ended war also affected the overall team results of the Winter Olympic Games. This time the championship was for Sweden: 70 points and 10 medals (4 + 3 + 3), and Switzerland, which had not previously particularly shined at the Games, took second place: 68 and 9 (3 + 4 + 2).

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Seventh Winter Olympic Games (1956). More than 800 athletes from 32 countries came to the famous winter sports center Cortina d'Ampezzo. The main event of the Games was the debut (at the Winter Olympics) of athletes from the USSR, which radically changed the balance of power at the Winter Olympic Games. For athletes from the GDR, these were also the first winter Games, but for now they competed as one team with Germany. Two more important innovations: for the first time, the athletes took the Olympic oath (on behalf of all participants it was pronounced by the Italian alpine skier Giuliana Chenal-Minuzzo, the future bronze medalist in the “combination”) and for the first time there was a TV broadcast of the competition. Soviet athletes competed in all types of the program, except for figure skating and bobsleigh. Our first “gold” was won by skier Lyubov Baranova (Kozyreva). including at its highest level - after the 4 × 10 km relay race (Pavel Kolchin was among the winners three times: he had a gold and 2 bronze medals). The speed skaters won 3 gold medals (out of 4). Evgeny Grishin won twice (at a 1.5-kilometer distance he shared first place with Yuri Sergeev) - and both times with a world record. And the USSR national hockey team, led by the “attack genius” Vsevolod Bobrov, put an end to the long dominance of the Canadians. Austrian Toni Sailer, who won gold medals in all 3 alpine skiing disciplines (no one had achieved this before), was eventually recognized as the best athlete of the Games. Swedish skier Sixten Ernberg received four medals, including one gold. Swiss alpine skier Madeleine Berto gave herself a wonderful birthday present: she won the downhill competition, beating her closest competitor by almost 5 seconds. In single figure skating, both gold medals went to representatives of the United States. Alan Jenkins was the first among men, and among women, despite a serious injury received shortly before the Olympics, Tenley Albright won: 10 out of 11 judges gave her first place. (It is noteworthy that these were the last OWGs in which figure skaters performed outdoors.) 47-year-old Italian bobsledder Giacomo Ponti, having won the two-man crew competition, became the oldest Olympic champion. The USSR team confidently won the team competition: 16 medals (7 +3 + 6), 103 points.

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Eighth Winter Olympic Games (1960). The competitions in Squaw Valley (USA) were remembered, first of all, for the very colorful and spectacular opening and closing ceremonies of the Games, which were led by the famous producer and animator director Walt Disney. Another surprise, not so pleasant and presented long before the start of the Olympics, was the decision not to hold (for the only time in Olympic history) bobsleigh competitions. There was no ready-made track in Squaw Valley, and since representatives of only 9 (out of 30) countries were going to participate in this type of program, the organizing committee considered it inappropriate to build a track “for the Olympics.” But the Olympic program was replenished with two new disciplines (biathlon and women's speed skating), and for the first time in the history of the Winter Olympic Games, participants included representatives from all five continents. Soviet speed skaters won a total of 6 gold medals. Evgeny Grishin, like four years earlier, won at distances of 500 and 1500 m (and in the 1.5-kilometer race he again shared first place - this time with the Norwegian Roald Os). Lidia Skoblikova had no equal among women at distances of 1500 (world record) and 3000 m (Olympic record). Veteran of the Finnish ski team Veikko Hakulinen, who already had several Olympic medals in his collection (including 2 gold), won a full set of awards of various denominations and his third “gold” at these OWGs. He entered the final stage of the 4 × 10 km team relay 20 seconds behind the leader, Norwegian Haakon Brusven (winner of the 15 km race), but 100 meters before the finish he overtook his opponent and won. A surprise for many was the victory of the USA team in the hockey tournament, ahead of the formidable favorites - the national teams of the USSR, Canada and Czechoslovakia. The family tradition was supported by figure skater David Jenkins (USA), who, following his brother Alan, won the men's competition. And the first ever Olympic champion in biathlon was Claes Lestander (Sweden). In the overall unofficial standings, the USSR team again had an undeniable advantage. And in terms of the number of medals won - 21 (7 + 5 + 9), and in terms of the amount of points scored (146.5), she surpassed the host team by more than 2 times: 10 (3 + 4 + 3) and 62, respectively.

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Ninth Winter Olympic Games (1964). The number of Olympians at Innsbruck 1964 exceeded the 1,000 mark for the first time in the history of the Winter Olympic Games. The competition program has also expanded significantly. And the organizers of the Games were faced with an unexpected problem - a lack of snow and ice; they even had to call in units of the Austrian army for help in order to deliver 15 thousand cubic meters of snow to the Olympic tracks. The heroine of the Games was speed skater Lidiya Skoblikova, who won all four distances (none of the athletes had previously managed to get 4 gold medals at one Winter Olympic Games). At the same time, the “Ural Lightning” updated Olympic records three times. She could well have set a record at a distance of 3000 m, but the ice let her down. Our skier Klavdiya Boyarskikh achieved success in all 3 women's ski disciplines. Lyudmila Belousova and Oleg Protopopov won the first Olympic gold in the history of Soviet figure skating, demonstrating not only a refined technique, but also an artistry unprecedented in the performances of sports pairs. Once again the USSR hockey team was the strongest, winning all 8 matches and scoring 73 goals against their opponents. Swedish skier Sixten Ernberg, who won two distances at these Games, eventually became a four-time Olympic champion. Another skier, Finn Eero Mäntyranta, also took home the two highest awards. The Goichel sisters (France) took the first two places in slalom and giant slalom: in one type of program, the eldest of the sisters, Christine, performed better, in the other, the youngest, Mariel. During the two-man bobsled competition, the British crew's mounting bolt fell out, and the Italian Eugenio Monti, who had the best result at that time (and had already finished competing), gave the bolt from his own sled to the competitors. They eventually won, Monty and his partner received bronze, and then - the first of the Olympians - was awarded the Coubertin Medal for their nobility and loyalty to the spirit of fair play. In the team competition, for the third time in a row, the Soviet team was unmatched: 162 points and 25 awards (11 + 8 + 6).

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Tenth Winter Olympic Games (1968). At the Olympics in Grenoble, for the first time, athletes from the GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany competed in separate teams. Not only the number of participants in the Games has increased, but also the number of fans: more than 600 million television viewers have already watched these Olympic Games. A new discipline has appeared in the Olympic program: the 4 × 10 km biathlon relay. Two more innovations - the introduction of doping control and gender testing for female athletes - were dictated by the new realities of big-time sports. The best athlete of the Winter Olympic Games and a true national hero of France was alpine skier Jean-Claude Killy, who won three golds and repeated the achievement of Tony Sailer at the 1956 Games. (However, Killy’s third victory in slalom was somewhat dubious and went to the Frenchman after the disqualification of his main rival in this type of program, the Austrian Karl Schranz. At first, the judges allowed him to repeat the second attempt, since a spectator who jumped onto the track interfered with Schrantz. The Austrian started again - and showed time was better than Killy's, after which the panel of judges made a clarification: even before Schrantz was crossed the road, he jumped through the gate and, according to the rules, should be disqualified.) There was also a scandal in the women's single-sleigh competition. The athletes from the GDR, who took first, second and fourth places, were then disqualified: as it turned out, before the start they warmed up the runners of their sleds, which is prohibited by the rules. The hero of the previous Games, the outstanding Italian bobsledder Monti, who had previously twice become a silver (1956) and bronze (1964) medalist, finally won two gold medals. Moreover, in the competition of fours, before the final fifth attempt, the teams of Italy and Germany had equal performance, but in the end Monty’s crew still snatched victory. Twice, and unexpectedly for many, the champion of Grenoble-68 was the Swedish skier Toini Gustafsson, who won both types of the individual program and then won silver in the team relay. Norwegian skiers Ole Ellefsäter and Harald Grönningen each took home two top awards (they won one gold with their joint efforts in the relay). But at a distance of 30 km, the Italian Franco Nones gave a surprise: before him, no representative of the southern countries had won the ski race. American figure skater Peggy Fleming performed brilliantly at the Games: leading by a large margin after performing the compulsory figures, she confidently completed the free program, for which all 9 judges gave her first place. (At the same time, Fleming turned out to be the only representative of the US Olympic team that managed to climb to the highest step of the podium.) Our speed skaters and skiers performed unsuccessfully, compared to the previous Games: only one “gold” (Lyudmila Titova - in speed skating at 500 m). But the real sensation was the victory in ski jumping by Vladimir Belousov: this is the only gold medal of Soviet jumpers during their entire performance at the Olympics. The athletic (and married) couple Belousova - Protopopov, after their next triumph, became two-time Olympic champions in figure skating, and their main rival was our other couple Tatyana Zhuk - Alexander Gorelik. Once again, our hockey players were the strongest, and the biathletes became the first team relay winners in the history of the Winter Olympic Games (for Mr. Biathlon, as Western journalists nicknamed Alexander Tikhonov, this was the first of four Olympic victories in the relay, to which he added at the 1968 Games “silver” at a distance of 20 km). But all these achievements were not enough to win the team championship. After a 16-year break, Norway won it again: 103 points and 14 medals (6 +6 + 2). Our team took second place: 92 and 13 (5 + 5 + 3).

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Eleventh Winter Olympic Games (1972). These are the first ever Winter Olympic Games to be held in Asia. Additional intrigue to the upcoming competition was given by the fact that the Japanese hosts had never won the Winter Olympics before. The scandalous “topic of the day” this time was the amateur status of some of the Games participants. A few days before they began, IOC President Avery Brundidge threatened to excommunicate a large group of leading alpine skiers from the ’72 Olympics, who, in the president’s opinion, could not be classified as amateurs. It all ended with the fact that only the “hero” of the previous Winter Olympic Games, Karl Schranz, who received more than his fellow skiers, was not allowed to participate in the Games. And among the participants in the hockey tournament there were no Canadians, who thus expressed their disagreement with the “amateur status” of hockey players from Eastern Europe. The heroes of the Games were Dutch speed skater Ard Schenk and Soviet skier Galina Kulakova, who won three gold medals each. After victories at distances of 1500, 5000 and 10,000 m, Schenk could have won a fourth title - in the 500 meters, if not for an unfortunate fall on the track. Our skier Vyacheslav Vedenin received two top awards (and one bronze medal): he left for the last stage of the team relay almost a minute later than the Norwegian athlete - and managed not only to catch up, but also to beat him at the finish line by 9 seconds! The two-time champion of Sapporo was the young Swiss skier Marie Therese Nadig, who before the start of the competition no one considered one of the favorites. But the biggest surprise at the Games was given by her colleague, 21-year-old Spaniard Francisco Fernandez Ochoa, who unexpectedly won the slalom - and at the same time “broke away” from his nearest competitor by a whole second (for Spain this was the first award in the entire history of its participation in the Winter Olympics). games). The victory in ski jumping of Pole Wojciech Fortuna, who brought his country the first “gold” of the Winter Olympics, was unexpected for many. On another hill (70 m), the hosts of the Games received the first gold medal: not only Yukio Kasaya distinguished himself, but also his teammates, who took second and third places. And Norwegian Magnar Solberg is the first biathlete who managed to win the individual race at two Olympics in a row. Soviet athletes won another victory at the hockey tournament and in the biathlon relay. The first of her three Olympic gold medals was won in Sapporo by figure skater Irina Rodnina, who performed in pairs with Alexei Ulanov. And for skier Galina Kulakova, this was not the first and not the last Olympic success: having participated in four Winter Olympic Games, she received a total of 8 awards: 4 + 2 + 2. In the overall unofficial standings, the USSR team regained the lead: 120 points and 16 medals (8 + 5+ 3), significantly ahead of the GDR team: 83 and 14 (4 + 3 + 7).

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Twelfth Winter Olympic Games (1976). At first, the American city of Denver was chosen as the capital of the Games. But residents of Colorado, during a special survey, spoke out against hosting the Olympics, and the city withdrew its candidacy. Innsbruck hosted the Winter Olympic Games for the second time (in honor of which two Olympic flames were lit at the opening ceremony). Ice dancing was included in the program, and another distance (1000 m) was added to speed skating for men. Of all the participants in the Games, alpine skier Rosie Mittermeier (Germany) was as close as anyone to winning three gold medals. She performed successfully in the downhill and slalom, but in the giant race she lost to Katie Kreiner (Canada) by only 0.12 seconds. Bobsledders Meinhard Nemer and Bernhard Germeshausen (GDR) also won two golds each: first as a two-man crew, and then as a four-man crew. (Bobsledders and lugeers from the GDR won all 5 top awards at this Olympics.) British figure skater John Currie, always distinguished by exceptional artistry, this time amazed the audience and judges with powerful jumps - and eventually became an Olympic champion. And the most exciting spectacle in Innsbruck 76 was the performance of the winner among men in the downhill, the famous Austrian Franz Klammer: according to eyewitnesses, sometimes it seemed as if the athlete, flying down the slope at a speed of more than 100 km/h, had completely lost control of the situation... They distinguished themselves in Innsbruck and USSR athletes. Biathlete Nikolai Kruglov won two gold medals. Tatyana Averina won the same amount of gold (and two bronze medals) on the speed skating track. Raisa Smetanina, who together with Galina Kulakova formed the core of our women's ski team, became the Games champion twice and took second place once, thereby marking the beginning of her impressive Olympic collection of 10 medals (4 + 5 + 1). Lyudmila Pakhomova and Alexander Gorshkov became the first champions in sports dancing in Olympic history. Having almost left big sport in the mid-1970s, Irina Rodnina nevertheless continued her career - and won another gold in Innsbruck (this time paired with Alexander Zaitsev). Soviet hockey players turned out to be the strongest for the fourth time in a row, repeating the achievement of the Canadians from the pre-war era. In the unofficial standings, first place was again taken by the USSR team with a record total of points (192) and number of medals (27: 13 + 6 + 8). The figure of 13 gold medals still remains unsurpassed, although the number of awards awarded at the OWG has more than doubled since then.

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Thirteenth Winter Olympic Games (1980). Following Innsbruck, Lake Placid hosted the Winter Olympic Games for the second time. The reconstruction of sports facilities in the capital of the 1980 Olympics was not completed, so the athletes were accommodated in a new prison building. The debut of the Chinese team at the Games caused a political scandal. Previously, Taiwanese athletes competed at the Olympics as the Republic of China. In view of China's upcoming participation in the Games, the IOC proposed that they change their name to Chinese Taipei. Taiwan refused and became the first - and so far the only - country in history to boycott the OWG (previously only individual athletes or national teams in a particular sport took such a step). The 1980 Winter Olympics were also marked by great sporting achievements. The main record holder of the Games - in terms of quantity and quality of awards - was the American speed skater Eric Hayden, who won 5 gold medals (at all distances from 500 to 10,000 m). Games debutant Nikolai Zimyatov, contrary to predictions about the inevitable triumph of the Scandinavians on the ski track, won 3 golds: in the relay and in the 30 and 50 km individual races. For the fourth time in a row, the USSR team and its permanent captain Alexander Tikhonov won the Olympic biathlon relay. Irina Rodnina became the Olympic champion in pair skating for the third time (and the most titled figure skater in history), and Ulrich Uehling (East Germany) in Nordic combined. Two golds each - in the "regular" slalom and in the giant slalom - were won by the Swede Ingemar Stenmark and Hanni Wenzel from Liechtenstein, which thus became the smallest state in history that gave the world an Olympic champion. And Hanni took home another award - a silver medal for her performance in downhill. 53-year-old bobsledder Karl-Erik Eriksson (Sweden) was far from the medal list, but went down in history as the first athlete to participate in six Winter Olympic Games. Biathlete Anatoly Alyabyev also won two gold medals (in the relay and in the 20 km race). Natalya Linichuk and Gennady Karoponosov supported the initiative of their famous predecessors Pakhomova and Gorshkov, winning the dance couples competition. Skier Raisa Smetanina won another championship title (in the 5 km race). The biggest sensation of the 1980 Olympics happened at the hockey tournament. In the final part, the US team, consisting of college students, snatched victory from the then undeniably strongest team in the world - the USSR - 4:3. It is significant that the training match of these teams a few days before the opening of the Games ended in a complete defeat of the Americans 10:3. The unfortunate defeat of the Soviet hockey players largely predetermined the outcome of the tournament: 20 years after the triumph in Squaw Valley, the Americans again became Olympic champions. The victory over the Soviet team in the USA was called the “Miracle on Ice” and - at the end of the century - the most outstanding event in American sports of the 20th century, the feature film “Miracle” (2004) was shot in Hollywood, and the champion hockey players were entrusted with lighting the flame of the Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City 2002. The GDR team won the overall standings (154.5 points and 24 medals: 10 + 7 + 7), our athletes were second (147.5 and 22: 10 + 6 + 6).

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Fourteenth Winter Olympic Games (1984). The choice of the Yugoslav city, the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo, as the host of the Winter Olympic Games is noteworthy for two reasons. This is the first - and only - case when the Winter Olympics were held on the territory of a socialist state, whose representatives, moreover, have never taken prizes at the Winter Olympic Games. However, Yugoslav athletes managed to fill this gap in Sarajevo: alpine skier Jure Franko won a silver medal in the giant slalom (it is symbolic that it was he who carried the Yugoslav flag at the opening ceremony). But, as always, the major sports powers set the tone. The best athlete of the Games, Finnish skier Marja-Lisa Hämäläinen won all individual events (including the 20 km race, included in the program for the first time), then adding bronze in the relay to her three gold medals. It is noteworthy that each time she won with a solid advantage. The Finnish skier has another unique achievement: she is the only woman to participate in 6 Winter Olympic Games (1976–1994). In Sarajevo, the Swedish skier Gunde Svan began collecting his extensive Olympic collection, winning 2 golds (in the 15 km race and in the relay), as well as silver and bronze. Norwegian biathlete Eirik Kvalfoss received a full set of medals. Speed ​​skaters Gaetan Boucher (Canada) and Karin Enke (GDR) each won two top awards. Karin was also second twice (and in general, the East German athletes, who were noticeably superior to their rivals on the track, took all the “gold” and “silver”). Bobsledders from the GDR Hoppe and Dietmar Schauerhammer also became two-time champions: first in a pair, and then as part of a four-man crew. Many spectators remembered the performance of their compatriot Katarina Witt, who won the single figure skating event. No less impressive was the skating of the British dance couple Jane Torvill - Christopher Dean, especially the free dance to the music of Ravel ("Bolero"), for which they received 12 ratings of 6.0. The USSR hockey team managed to rehabilitate itself for an unfortunate mistake in Lake Placid: in the final it beat the Czechoslovak team 2:0 and won another “gold”. Our biathletes celebrated their fifth victory in a row in the team relay. Elena Valova and Oleg Vasiliev supported the tradition by winning the pairs competition in figure skating. Our speed skaters and skiers received three gold medals. In the overall standings, the Soviet team was ahead of everyone (167 points and 25 medals: 6 + 10 + 9).

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Fifteenth Winter Olympic Games (1988). On the seventh attempt, the Canadian city of Calgary won the right to host the OWG. The noticeably increased competition program did not fit into the old time format, so these Games lasted for 16 days - from February 13 to 28. The number of participating countries has also increased. However, this circumstance had virtually no effect on the final results of the Olympics. But the expansion of the program, including among speed skaters (who competed for the first time at these Games in the indoor Sports Palace - the Calgary Olympic Oval) and ski jumpers, played a role. Dutch speed skater Yvonne van Gennip noticeably pushed the GDR athletes out of their usual position and won 3 gold medals (including the new Olympic distance - 5000 m), while setting two world records. The “Flying Dutchwoman” was not stopped even by the fact that she was hospitalized a couple of months before the start of the Games. The Finnish ski jumper Matti Nykänen, who excelled in all jumping disciplines, also received 3 highest awards. Italian alpine skier and Games debutant Alberto Tomba won 2 gold medals, as did Swedish speed skater Thomas Gustafsson. Katharina Witt and Gunde Swan won their second OWG in a row. Speed ​​skater Christa Rottenburg (GDR) in Calgary-88 was fastest at a distance of 1000 m and second at 500 meters, but her most interesting achievement was ahead. Six months later, at the Summer Games in Seoul, she received a silver medal in cycling and became the only athlete to win prizes at both Olympics in the same year. At the sixth Games in a row, Soviet biathletes completed the relay best. Our victory in the figure skating pair competition (Ekaterina Gordeeva and Sergei Grinkov) was the seventh in a row - and also in a row. The inimitable dance duo Natalya Bestemyanova and Andrey Bukin performed best of all. Soviet bobsledders (Janis Kipurs and Vladimir Kozlov) climbed to the highest step of the podium for the first time, becoming the authors of one of the main sensations. Skiers made a significant contribution to the victory of the USSR national team at the Games - 5 highest awards. At the same time, the women's team won 3 golds in 4 types of the program, and Tamara Tikhonova became a two-time champion (in the 20 km race and in the relay). The already familiar struggle of the Soviet team with the GDR athletes for victory in the overall standings again ended in our favor: 29 awards (11 + 9 + 9) and 204, 5 points against 25 (9 + 10 + 6) and 173. Successful performances in Calgary Swiss alpine skiers and bobsledders eventually brought their team to an honorable third place: 97.5 and 15 (5 + 5 + 5).

Slide no. 20

Slide description:

Sixteenth Winter Olympic Games (1992). These were already the third Games in the French Alps. True, Albertville can be considered the capital of the Games very conditionally. Less than a third of all sets of awards were played there (18 out of 57); competitions in other types of the program were held in resort areas nearby. Serious political changes in Europe also affected the composition of the participants. The Germans acted as a single team. The republics of the former USSR participated in the Games as a united CIS team (under the Olympic flag), and Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia participated separately. The former Yugoslav republics of Croatia and Slovenia also performed “solo” at the Winter Olympics. The competition program has also been noticeably updated - with short track speed skating, freestyle skiing and women's biathlon. On the track, the Norwegians Vegard Ulvang and Bjorn Dahl were beyond competition, eventually collecting all the “gold” (two each in the individual events of the program and one in the relay). Several other Games participants won two top awards. The youngest winner (among men) in the history of the Winter Olympic Games was 16-year-old Finnish ski jumper Toni Nieminen, who won both the individual event and as part of the team. American Bonnie Blair excelled in the 500 and 1000 m speed skating races, and German Gunda Niemann took the lead in long distance speed skating. Alpine skier Petra Kronberger (Austria) was the strongest in the combined event and slalom, Kim Ki-Hun (South Korea) - in both short track disciplines. To the two highest awards won at the previous Olympics, Alberto Tomba, nicknamed “The Bomb,” added one more (in giant slalom), becoming the first alpine skier to win the same type of program twice in a row. Anneliese Coburger's (New Zealand) silver medal in the women's slalom is also noteworthy: she is the first ever Winter Olympic medalist from the southern hemisphere. Our skiers distinguished themselves at the 1992 Games. Lyubov Egorova won 3 gold and 2 silver medals. Elena Vyalbe has the same number of awards (“gold” + 4 “bronze”). And the veteran of the ski team, 39-year-old Raisa Smetanina, set a Winter Olympic Games record by winning her tenth medal - gold in the 20 km relay. Another record was achieved by the hockey team, which won the Olympic tournament for the eighth time, and the team featured young players, since the leading masters went to the NHL. Three highest awards (out of 4) were received by figure skaters of the CIS national team: Natalya Mishkutenok-Artur Dmitriev among sports pairs, Marina Klimova - Sergey Ponomarenko in ice dancing and Viktor Petrenko in single men's skating. In the team competition, the German team was ahead of everyone: 26 medals (10 + 10 + 6), 181 points. The CIS team is second: 23 (9 + 6 + 8) and 163.

Slide no. 21

Slide description:

Seventeenth Winter Olympic Games (1994). By decision of the IOC, since 1994 the OWGs have been held in the middle of the four-year Olympic cycle, two years after the Summer Olympics. In terms of the level of organization, the competitions in Lillehammer (Norway) are considered the best in the history of the Winter Olympic Games; their sports and “general humanitarian” components were also highly appreciated. Over 1,700 athletes from 67 countries participated in the Games. For the first time, the Russian national team competed as a separate team, as well as Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. The Russian team won the most gold medals (11) and took second place in the unofficial team competition, just a little behind the hosts of the Games. The outstanding skier Lyubov Egorova added 3 gold medals to her Olympic collection (in the 5 and 10 km individual races, as well as in the relay). For the second time, figure skaters Ekaterina Gordeeva and Sergei Grinkov won the Olympic Games (this happened after the ISU made an unprecedented decision: professional figure skaters were allowed to return to amateur sports). The Russians received two more golds in men's singles skating (Alexey Urmanov) and in ice dancing (Oksana Grischuk-Evgeniy Platov). For the first time, our hockey team did not make it into the top three, but unexpectedly for everyone, speed skater Alexander Golubev won gold. Elizaveta Kozhevnikova was also close to the champion title in moguls (freestyle), but she was prevented by the judging, which many observers considered biased. Three championship titles were brought to the Russian Federation by competitions in men's and women's biathlon. Representatives of other countries of the former USSR won several high-profile victories at the Games. Lina Cheryazova convincingly won the ski acrobatics competition (freestyle), bringing Uzbekistan the first “gold” of the Winter Olympic Games. 16-year-old figure skater Oksana Baiul became the first Olympic champion in the history of Ukraine, and the most experienced skier Vladimir Smirnov, who confidently won the 50 km race, won Kazakhstan (he also won two silver medals). Norwegian speed skater Johan-Olaf Koss won three distances (1500 - he won this program at the 1992 Winter Olympics - 5000 and 10,000 m), setting a world record in each. His colleague Bonnie Blair (USA) won her fourth and fifth titles (and she won the 500m for the third time). Gustav Weder and Donat Acklin (Switzerland) are the first two-man crew in the history of Olympic bobsleigh to win two Games in a row. Skier Manuela di Centa (Italy) became a prize-winner in all five types of the program, and was first twice. Overall, the Italian team performed extremely successfully in Lillehammer, winning 20 medals, including 7 golds - including in the men's 4 × 10 ski relay, where the Italians unexpectedly defeated the recognized favorites Norway, beating them by 0.4 seconds. Biathlete Miriam Bedard (Canada) took home two gold medals from the Games, and alpine skier Vreni Schneider (Switzerland) took home a full set of medals. The Swedish team won the hockey tournament for the first time, beating the Canadians in the final in a shootout. The Korean team received 4 gold medals in short track speed skating. The overall team result of the Games: first place for Norway - 26 medals (10 + 11 + 5) and 176 points, second place for Russia: 23 (11 + 8 + 4) and 172.

Slide no. 22

Slide description:

Eighteenth Winter Olympic Games (1998). At the Games in Nagano, Japan, a unique milestone was overcome in the number of participants in the Winter Olympic Games - over 2,000 athletes (from 72 countries). Snowboarding and women's hockey were included in the official program, and curling was also “returned” after many years of absence. For the first time, professionals were allowed to participate in the hockey tournament. Contrary to forecasts, the USA and Canada, considered clear favorites, did not reach the final. In a dramatic match for 1st place, the Czech team snatched victory from the Russians with a minimal margin of 1:0. Thanks to the use of the so-called moving blade, speed skaters set 5 world records: at the same time, the Dutchman Gianni Romme improved the record figure (at a distance of 10,000 m) by 15 seconds. He, like his compatriot Marianne Timmer, won two golds. Three more top awards (and one silver medal) were received by skier Bjorn Dahl (Norway), who became the most titled participant in the Winter Olympic Games in history (12 medals, 8 of which are gold). Austrian skier Hermann Mayer, after a spectacular and extremely painful fall in the downhill, went the fastest in the giant slalom and super-G, winning two gold medals. At the third Games in a row, luger Georg Hackl (Germany) achieved success. Figure skater Tara Lipinski (USA) became the youngest individual champion in the history of the Winter Olympic Games. The Olympic debut of snowboarders was not without scandal. Champion Ross Rebagliati (Canada) was initially disqualified for using marijuana, but was later “rehabilitated.” Russian skiers won gold in all five types of the program. Team leader Larisa Lazutina has three top awards (as well as silver and bronze). Two gold medals (in the 15 km race and in the relay), as well as a silver medal for Olga Danilova. For Elena Vyalbe and Nina Gavrylyuk, gold medals in the relay race were the third in a row. Young Yulia Chepalova won a sensational victory at a distance of 30 km. Russian figure skaters distinguished themselves at the Games three times: Ilya Kulik in men's singles, Oksana Kazakova - Artur Dmitriev in pairs, and Oksana Grischuk - Evgeny Platov in dancing. The dancing couple won their second victory at the Winter Olympics, although Grischuk performed with a broken wrist. Biathlete Galina Kukleva, who made a mistake at the shooting range, still won the 7.5 km race, ahead of her closest pursuer by only 0.7 seconds. 29 medals (12 + 9 + 8) were won in Nagano by German athletes, who became leaders in the unofficial team competition, 25 (10 + 10 + 5) by Norwegians. The Russians were only third this time: 18 (9 + 6 + 3).

Slide no. 23

Slide description:

The Nineteenth Winter Olympic Games (2002) in Salt Lake City set a record not only for the number of participants (athletes and countries) and sets of awards awarded (by the way, for the first time in history, each sport had its own medal design), but also for scandals . Shortly before the opening of the Games, it became known that representatives of the Organizing Committee had bribed several IOC members to provide Salt Lake City with more votes. And during the Games themselves, a number of conflict situations related to doping and judicial arbitrariness arose. The loudest scandal occurred in pair skating, where the victory was initially awarded to Russians Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze. But then the French judge was accused of bias, after which the IOC and ISU made an unprecedented decision: to recognize both the Russian and the “offended” Canadian couple Jamie Sale - David Peletier as winners, who were also awarded gold awards. (It is interesting that the ISU rejected the protest of the Japanese and Korean delegations due to the far-fetched disqualification of their representatives on the grounds that “the results of the competition cannot be revised”). Norwegian Ole-Einar Bjoerndalen won in all four biathlon disciplines (including the relay: Norway’s first Olympic victory in this event), and Finn Sampa Lajunen won in all three “points” of the Nordic combined program: none of the combined athletes had ever succeeded before get three top titles at one Games. Croatian Janica Kostelic, who shortly before the Olympics underwent knee surgery and a long course of rehabilitation, took prizes four times in alpine skiing competitions, and three times – first (in the “combination”, slalom and giant slalom). One of the main surprises of the Games were two victories of 20-year-old Swiss Simon Amman in ski jumping. Luge athlete Georg Hackl (Germany) became the winner of the Winter Olympic Games in the same individual event for the 5th time in a row - no other Olympian has achieved such success before. Several world records were set in speed skating competitions. Three of them are on the account of the Games debutant Jochem Iitdehaage (Holland), who won 2 golds (5000 and 10000 m) and a silver (1500). Claudia Pechstein won the women's 5000 m race for the third time in a row, she received another title for winning the 3000 m. Two golds - in the short track 500 and 1000 m - went to the Chinese Yan-Yan, who became the first in history her country as the winner of the Winter Olympic Games (she also won one silver). But for Australian Stephen Bradbury, the first Winter Olympics champion from the southern hemisphere, chance helped him win. All of his competitors in the semi-final and final of the 1000 m (short track) fell on the last lap, and he was the only one to avoid falling both times. Canada celebrated a double victory in hockey at these Games: men's and women's teams. Moreover, the men's team became the strongest after a 50-year break, and Jerome Iginla, who competed for it, is the first black champion of the Winter Olympic Games (a few days earlier, American bobsledder Vonetta Flowers became the first black woman to win the Winter Olympics). The second “miracle on ice” was created by Belarusian hockey players who reached the semi-finals. Russian figure skater Alexey Yagudin won the men's singles skating event. In women's biathlon, Olga Pyleva had no equal in the 10 km pursuit race. Our skiers won three more “golds”: among them was Yulia Chepalova, who repeated her success from the previous OWGs. But according to many experts, figure skaters Irina Slutskaya and Olga Koroleva (freestyle), who were confidently in the lead in their program types, were prevented from winning by the judges. In the overall team competition, Germany was again the strongest, scoring 245.75 points and winning a record number of medals - 35 (12 + 16 + 7). The Russian team, which also missed out on the USA and Norway, took an unusual fourth place with 130 points and 16 medals (6 + 6 + 4). In total (this is another Salt Lake City record), representatives of 18 countries won at these Winter Olympic Games.

Slide no. 24

Slide description:

The Russian team at the XX Winter Olympic Games in Turin took fourth place in the team competition, winning 22 medals: eight gold, six silver and eight bronze. The Germans took first place in the medal table for the 2006 Olympics: 11 gold, 12 silver and six bronze medals (29 in total). The Turin Olympics in Russia were expected with mixed feelings. On the one hand, sports officials of the Russian winter sports federations announced their intention to win 25 medals, of which seven are gold. On the other hand, many fans, remembering the failure in Salt Lake City, were in no hurry to believe in such optimistic forecasts. As a result, the Russians’ performance in Turin can be considered successful: domestic athletes did not reach the milestone of 25 awards, but there was “gold” even more than planned was achieved. Not all victories in a competition like the Olympics can be predicted, nor can one predict which of the favorites will fail. Russian Olympians only confirmed this idea with their performances. The Russian figure skating team failed to set an absolute record by winning all the gold at the Turin Games. Nevertheless, the performance of Russian figure skaters in Turin can be considered successful: they have three victories and one bronze medal.

MedalsMEDALS
On September 21, in the capital of the Republic of Korea there were
presented
medals
Olympics 2018.
On
the front side of the medals has diagonal
lines symbolizing the history of the Olympics and
determination of athletes. On the other side
sports disciplines are depicted. Tapes for
medals
are being created
With
using
traditional Korean fabrics.

Talismans

TALISMANS
Tiger cub Suhoran (in the Olympics)
Pandabi Bear (at the Paralympics).

Kinds of sports

KINDS OF SPORTS
15 winter sports disciplines that make up
7 winter sports are included in the program
Olympic Games. 3 skating disciplines
(figure skating, speed skating, and short track), 6 ski disciplines (alpine skiing
sport, skiing, freestyle, skiing
biathlon, ski jumping and snowboarding), 2
bobsleigh sports: bobsleigh and skeleton, and 4
other sports: biathlon, curling, hockey,
and luge.

Participants

PARTICIPANTS
At the Olympic Games in Pyeongchang
92 countries are represented. 6 countries at once
will take part in winter sports for the first time
Olympic Games: Republic
Kosovo, Malaysia, Nigeria, Singapore, Ecuado
r and Eritrea.

Decision to suspend

DECISION ON SUSPENSION
On December 5, 2017, the IOC suspended the Russian Olympic Committee (which
tantamount to the removal of the Russian team) from participation in
Olympic Games 2018. At the same time, Russian athletes will be able to
participate in competitions on an individual basis under
neutral (Olympic) flag. Invited athletes
will participate under the title “Olympic Athlete from Russia”, in
The Olympic anthem will be played at the awards ceremonies. This is the first
in history, a country was suspended from the Olympics for doping. According to
By decision of the IOC, not a single official of the Russian Ministry of Sports will receive
accreditation for the Games in Korea. Coaches will not be able to go to Pyeongchang
and doctors whose athletes have ever been caught doping...

Russian speed skater Olga Graf refused to participate in the 2018 Olympics

RUSSIAN SKATE OLGA GRAF
REFUSED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE 2018 OLYMPICS

From February 9 to 25 in Pyeongchang, South Korea
The Winter Olympic Games are taking place.
Russian athletes perform under
neutral flag in OAR status when
compliance with the conditions set by the IOC. Total in
169 athletes participate in competitions in 15
Olympic disciplines.

Short track speed skater Semyon Elistratov won bronze at a distance of 1500 meters. This award was the first for the Olympic team

SHORT TRACK RACER SEMYON ELISTRATOV
WON BRONZE IN THE 1500 DISTANCE
METERS. THIS AWARD WAS THE FIRST FOR
TEAMS OF OLYMPIC ATHLETES FROM
RUSSIA AT THE CURRENT GAMES.

BRYZGALOVA AND KRUSHELNITSKY BROUGHT THE FIRST OLYMPIC MEDAL TO RUSSIAN CURLING

Evgenia Medvedeva won the short program, setting a new world record.

EVGENIA MEDVEDEVA WON THE SHORT
PROGRAM, INSTALLING A NEW WORLD
RECORD.

Mikhail Kolyada took second place in the men's free program.

MIKHAIL KOLYADA TOOK SECOND PLACE IN
MEN'S FREE ROUTINE.

Following the results of the short program in the individual tournament, Evgenia Tarasova and Vladimir Morozov took second place.

ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS OF THE SHORT PROGRAM IN
INDIVIDUAL TOURNAMENT EVGENIYA
TARASOVA AND VLADIMIR MOROZOV TOOK
SECOND PLACE.

Natalya Zabiyako and Alexander Enbert took third place in the free program.

NATALIA ZABIAKO AND ALEXANDER ENBERT
TOOK THIRD PLACE IN THE FREE SKIN
PROGRAM.

Ekaterina Bobrova and Dmitry Solovyov won third place in the short dance among dance duets.

EKATERINA BOBROVA AND DMITRY SOLOVIEV
WON THIRD PLACE IN THE SHORT
DANCE AMONG DANCE DUOS.

Skier Denis Spitsov took third place in the 15 km individual freestyle race.

SKIER DENIS SPITSOV TOOK THIRD
PLACE IN THE 15KM INDIVIDUAL RACE
FREE STYLE.

Skeleton athlete Nikita Tregubov became a silver medalist at the Winter Olympics.

SKELETONIST NIKITA TREGUBOV BECAME
SILVER WINTER WINNER
OLYMPIC GAMES.

Speed ​​skater Natalya Voronina won a bronze medal in the 5000 meters

Skater NATALIA VORONINA
WON A BRONZE MEDAL AT
DISTANCES 5000 METERS

Yulia Belorukova won bronze in the women's ski sprint.

BRONZE IN SKI SPRINT AMONG
WON WOMEN
YULIA BELORUKOVA.

Ilya Burov became a bronze medalist at the 2018 Olympics in the men's freestyle ski acrobatics competition

ILYA BUROV
BECAME A BRONZE MEDALIST
OLYMPICS 2018 IN COMPETITIONS IN
FREESTYLE IN SKI ACROBATICS AMONG
MEN

Freestyler Sergei Ridzik won bronze at the Pyeongchang Olympics in ski cross.

FREESTYLIST SERGEY RIDZIK
WON BRONZE AT THE OLYMPICS
PYEONGCHANG IN SKI CROSS.

Alina Zagitova won the free program and won the gold medal.

ALINA ZAGITOVA WON
Free skating and won
GOLD MEDAL.

Andrey Larkov, Alexander Bolshunov, Alexey Chervotkin and Denis Spitsov won a silver medal in the ski relay race

ANDREY LARKOV, ALEXANDER BOLSHUNOV,
ALEXEY CHERVOTKIN AND DENIS SPITSOV
WON A SILVER MEDAL IN
SKI RELAY RACE 4X10
KILOMETERS AMONG MEN.

Alexander Bolshunov won a bronze medal in the men's classic ski sprint. The 21-year-old athlete turned out to be

ALEXANDER BOLSHUNOV
WON A BRONZE MEDAL IN SKIING
SPRINT IN CLASSIC STYLE AMONG
MEN. THE 21-YEAR-OLD ATHLETE WAS
THE YOUNGEST SKIER IN THE TEAM
RUSSIA.

Russian hockey players became Olympic champions in Pyeongchang

RUSSIAN HOCKEY PLAYERS BECAME
OLYMPIC CHAMPIONS OF PYEONGCHANG

Russians will take part in the closing ceremony of the Olympic Games under the Olympic flag

RUSSIANS WILL TAKE PART IN THE CEREMONY
CLOSING OF THE OG UNDER THE OLYMPIC FLAG

Shishkina Kristina Vladimirovna, student of 9 "A" class

2014 Winter Olympics program. Story.

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Prepared by: student of class 9 “A” of the MBOU Dalnekonstantinovskaya Secondary School Kristina Shishkina Supervisor: FC teacher Barskova S.V. OLYMPIC WINTER SPORTS

The Winter Olympic Games are the largest international winter sports competitions, which are held once every 4 years under the auspices of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The Winter Olympics began in 1924 as a complement to the Summer Games. Since 1994, the Winter Olympic Games have been held with a 2-year shift from the Summer Olympic Games. The program of the modern Winter Olympic Games includes:

Figure skating is a speed skating sport that is a complex coordination sport. The main idea is to move an athlete or a pair of skaters on ice, changing the direction of skating and performing additional elements to the music. The birthplace of figure skating is Holland.

Ice hockey is a team sports game on ice, consisting of a confrontation between two teams on skates, which, passing the puck with their sticks, strive to throw it the greatest number of times into the opponent’s goal and not let it into their own. The team that scores the most goals into the opponent's goal wins. Canada is considered the birthplace of hockey.

Biathlon is a Winter Olympic sport that combines cross-country skiing with rifle shooting. The birthplace of biathlon is Norway. Today, within the framework of the largest international biathlon competitions, six types of races are held: individual race, sprint, pursuit, mass start, relay, mixed relay.

Bobsleigh is a winter Olympic sport, which is a high-speed descent from the mountains along specially equipped ice tracks on a controlled bob sleigh. The birthplace of bobsleigh is Switzerland.

Curling is a team sport played on an ice rink. Participants of two teams alternately launch special heavy granite projectiles (“stones”) across the ice towards a target marked on the ice (“house”). There are four players from each team. Curling originated in Scotland.

Snowboarding is a type of skiing that involves descending from snow-covered mountain slopes on a special equipment – ​​a snowboard. This sport was included in the Olympic Games program in 1998. Snowboarding originated in the 1960s in America.

Alpine skiing is a skiing discipline that involves descending from the mountains on special skis. The sport was included in the Olympic program in 1936. The founders of alpine skiing were the Austrians. Alpine skiing competitions began to be held in the Alps in 1905. During the descent from the mountains, athletes must overcome special tracks marked with gates and flags. The results are determined by the sum of the time shown in two attempts on different tracks - in slalom and in one attempt - in other disciplines.

Luge is a downhill competition on a single or double sleigh on a pre-prepared track. Athletes sit on the sled on their backs, feet first. The sled is controlled by changing body position. Switzerland is recognized as the birthplace of luge.

Skeleton (skeleton from Greek “skeleton, frame”) is a winter Olympic sport, which is a descent down an ice chute on a two-runner sled on a reinforced frame, the winner of which is determined by the sum of two or four races. The speed is about 130 kilometers per hour! The athlete is on the sled in a lying position, face down, using special spikes on the toes of his boots to control. The predecessor of skeleton is considered to be the descent from the mountains on a toboggan (useless wooden sled), common among the Canadian Indians. Information about luge sports competitions dates back to the mid-19th century.

Ski jumping is ski jumping from specially equipped springboards. This sport entered the Olympic program in 1924 at the 1st Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix. The program of the Olympic Games includes 3 sets of awards for ski jumping: 2 in the individual competition (jumping heights of 90 m and 120 m) and 1 in the team competition (jumping height of 120 m). Norway's mountainous province of Telemark is considered the birthplace of jumping. In recent years, ski jumping among women has become increasingly popular. On May 26, 2006, the International Ski Federation decided to allow women to compete in ski jumping during the 2009 World Ski Championships in the Czech Republic. In 2014, jumpers performed for the first time at the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi.

Cross-country skiing is a ski race over a certain distance on a specially prepared track among persons of a certain category. They belong to cyclic sports. Olympic appearance since 1924. The first speed skiing competition took place in Norway in 1767. Main types of cross-country skiing: Time trial competitions Common start competitions (mass start) Pursuit races (skiathlon) Relay races Individual sprint Team sprint

Short track is a type of speed skating. In the competition, several athletes simultaneously run along an oval ice track 111 m long. The number of athletes depends on the length of the distance (the longer the distance, the more skaters on the track). A standard hockey “box” is adapted for short track competitions. The name “short track” itself is translated from English as “short track”.

Freestyle is a type of skiing in which men and women compete. Freestyle skiing has been included in the Winter Games program since 1992. Freestyle disciplines are ski acrobatics, mogul, ski cross, hafpipe, slopestyle. In ski acrobatics, athletes perform a series of two jumps of varying difficulty from a specially profiled springboard. Mogul is a descent along a lumpy, hummocky slope. Maneuvering between the hillocks, the athlete constantly turns his legs with skis in one direction or the other. The descent route contains two jumps on which the skier demonstrates jumps. Ski cross is a race on a special ski slope, which includes snow obstacles in the form of various jumps, waves, and turns. Ski half-pipe (English half-pipe - “half pipe”) is a freestyle discipline in which athletes demonstrate skiing and tricks in a special sports facility of an arched structure with two oncoming slopes and the space between them, the surface of which is covered with dense snow. Moving from wall to wall, athletes perform jumps and tricks “flying out” of the halfpipe. Slopestyle - performing a series of acrobatic jumps on springboards, pyramids, counter slopes, railings located sequentially along the entire length of the route. The discipline was included in the 2014 Olympic program by decision of the IOC. The name itself and the first rules were invented by the Americans in the early 1970s.

Mogul Ski Cross Slopestyle Ski Acrobatics

Nordic combined includes ski jumping and cross-country skiing. At the moment, two individual disciplines are held: a regular or large ski jump (one attempt) and a 10 km freestyle cross-country skiing race. Team event - 4x5 km relay: each of the 4 team members performs one jump, and then the teams leave the start of the ski relay, taking into account the team's overall result in the jumps. This sport originated at the end of the 19th century. in Norway. Nordic combined has been included in the Olympic program since the 1st Winter Olympic Games, held in 1924.

Skating. Speed ​​skating is a sport in which you need to cover a distance on an ice stadium in a closed circle as quickly as possible. Speed ​​skating is one of the oldest sports. The first officially recorded competitions were held in Great Britain in January 1763. The modern program of the Winter Olympic Games includes short distances of 500, 1000 and 1500 meters, and long distances of 3000, 5000 and 10,000 meters. Competitors run in pairs - one on the outer track, the other on the inner track. At each distance, 3 athletes can compete from the national team.

Story…

• The ancient Greeks were very fond of sports. Every four years, all wars stopped in Greece for five days and festivals and competitions took place in the city of Olympia. People who came from all cities organized chariot races and competed in pentathlon (this included javelin and discus throwing, long jump, running and wrestling). In addition there were fist fights and art competitions. Poets read poems, singers sang songs, and actors performed theatrical performances. These five days of celebrations were later called the Olympic Games.
• The Romans, who conquered Greece, canceled the Olympic Games in 394. It was only in 1896 that states around the world agreed to resume them. In the same year, the first international sports competitions took place in the Greek city of Athens - the new World Olympic Games.
• And in 1924 the First Winter Olympic Games were held.

Chamonix, France 1924 The first Winter Olympics is considered to be the so-called “Winter Sports Week” in Chamonix, France. Only 16 countries took part in it. These Games did not bring much profit to the organizers, however, as they say, they promoted the idea - public opinion reacted very positively to the Winter Olympics.

St. Moritz, Switzerland 1928 The choice of the city for the next Winter Games - 1928 - took place on a competitive basis - and the baton was taken by the Swiss St. Moritz. The weather let us down at this Olympics: on some days, a week’s worth of precipitation fell in the mountains, but then the temperature rose to +20°, and the athletes drowned in deep puddles. But the composition of participants here is already more representative - more than 450 participants from 25 countries.

Lake Placid, USA 1932 The Third Winter Games in 1932 were the first to be held in North America. They were remembered for the fact that for the first time official opening and closing ceremonies were held, and medals were awarded to athletes on the podium after the competition. Due to the Great Depression, teams from only 17 countries were able to make it to this Olympics.

Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany 1936 In 1936, the German ski resort of Garmisch-Partenkirchen became the host of the IV Winter Games, despite numerous protests to move the White Olympics from Nazi Germany to another place. Teams from 28 countries came to these Games, and at the opening ceremony the Olympic flame was solemnly lit for the first time, which only went out on the closing day. This tradition is still strictly adhered to today.

St. Moritz, Switzerland 1948 After a 12-year break caused by World War II, the V Games, which were held for the second time in St. Moritz, Switzerland, were called the “Renaissance Games.” Athletes from 28 countries came to them, but athletes from Germany and Japan were not invited: the memories of the war were still too fresh in their minds. Due to financial difficulties, many participants were poorly equipped or arrived without any equipment of their own.

Oslo, Norway 1952 The VI Winter Olympic Games in Oslo were the “authors” of numerous innovations - for the first time the Olympic torch traveled throughout the country, for the first time the Games were opened by a woman, for the first time they were held not in a resort town, but in the capital of the state. Athletes from 30 countries took part in this Olympics.

Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy 1956 The games were remembered for the great success of Soviet athletes, as well as for the first live television broadcasts. At that time, it was possible to follow the Olympic competitions in 22 countries. A record number of athletes came to the 56 Olympics at that time - 821 people from 32 countries.

Squaw Valley, USA 1960 Squaw Valley Ski Resort was built specifically for the 1960 Olympic Winter Games. These Games are notable for the fact that they revolutionized the broadcasting of sports competitions: for the first time, it became possible to show a picture in slow motion. The Olympic anthem, recently approved by the IOC, was performed at the opening ceremony.

Innsbruck, Austria 1964 For these Games, an Olympic village was specially built in the Tyrolean capital, as well as a smaller village in Seafield for athletes participating in skiing disciplines. For the first time, competition venues were located in different cities, and the Olympic flame was lit in Olympia. In alpine skiing, they have learned to measure time to the nearest hundredth of a second.

Grenoble, France 1968 At the Games in Grenoble, France in 1968, television viewers saw the competition broadcast in color for the first time. If previously luge and bobsleigh tracks were built almost side by side, this time they were located at two different resorts tens of kilometers apart. At these Games, the IOC Medical Commission conducted doping control for the first time.

Sapporo, Japan 1972 The 1972 Winter Olympics were held for the first time in an Asian country. In terms of preparing for the Games, the hosts were at their best. The athletes were also surprised - Japanese ski jumpers took all three medals in their sport, Dutch speed skater Ard Schenk and Soviet skier Galina Kulakova won three gold medals each, and in alpine skiing gold went to the Spaniard Francisco Ochoa - this is Spain's only gold medal at the Winter Olympics games.

Innsbruck, Austria 1976 In 1976, to celebrate the second Olympic Games in Innsbruck 12 years later, two Olympic flames were lit at once. They can still be admired at the foot of the ski jump on Mount Bergisel. At these Games, bobsleigh and luge competitions were held on the same track for the first time.

Lake Placid, USA 1980 Lake Placid has submitted more bids to host the Winter Olympics than any other city—eight! After St. Moritz and Innsbruck, it was the third city to host the Olympic Winter Games twice. At these Games, the organizers used artificial snow for the first time. And after the Games the Olympic Village was turned into a prison.

Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 1984 The 1984 Winter Games were held in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, the current capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. At this Olympics, the development of television rights opened a new “economic page” in big-time sports.

Calgary, Canada 1988 The 1988 Olympics in Calgary are the first Winter Games in Canadian history. The sports facilities of the Canadian Olympic Park - a luge track and a jumping hill - built on the edge of the city, for a long time remained the only facilities of this type in this part of North America for training athletes.

Albertville, France 1992 During the third Olympic Winter Games in French history, the Olympic Village was for the first time located not in the host city or its environs, but on thermal springs approximately 30 kilometers from the city. Only ice competitions and ceremonies took place in Albertville.

Lillehammer, Norway 1994 The 1994 Lillehammer Games, Norway, marked a turning point in the history of the Olympic Winter Games - they were held just two years after the Albertville Winter Games to distance themselves from the Summer Olympics. However, what is even more important is that these Games were held for the first time under the sign of respect for the environment.

Nagano, Japan 1998 In 1998, Japan hosted the Olympic Winter Games for the second time. Curling returned to the Games program, and snowboarding and women's ice hockey competitions appeared for the first time. These Games were also dedicated to protecting the environment.

Salt Lake City, USA 2002 In Salt Lake City, most competition venues are located high in the mountains. Ski racing took place at the maximum altitude allowed by the International Ski Federation, and the Salt Lake skating rink was one of the highest ice rinks in the world.

Turin, Italy 2006 The 2006 Games in Turin, Italy introduced spectators to new disciplines such as snowboard cross, team speed skating and mass start biathlon. Latvia received the first medal in its history for winter sports. France won its first medal in cross-country skiing and Finland in alpine skiing.

Vancouver, Canada 2010 The Olympic program includes two new sports: ski cross for men and women. For the first time, athletes from six countries came to the Winter Games: Montenegro, Colombia, Pakistan, Ghana, Peru and the Cayman Islands. At the closing ceremony, the Olympic flag was solemnly handed over to Anatoly Pakhomov, the mayor of Sochi, the city that will become the capital of the 2014 Winter Games.

Sochi, Russian Federation year 2014 The Sochi 2014 Olympic torch relay is the longest and largest in the history of the Winter Olympic Games. It started on October 7, 2013 and will end on the opening day of the Olympics on February 7, 2014.